# Glossary

`abhidhamma` : the higher teachings of Buddhism, teachings on ultimate realities.

`adosa` : non aversion.

`akusala` : unwholesome, unskilful.

`alobha` : non attachment, generosity.

`amoha` : wisdom or understanding.

`anāgāmī` : non-returner, person who has reached the third stage of enlightenment, he has no aversion (dosa).

`anattā` : not self.

`anicca` : impermanence.

`appanā` : absorption.

`arahat` : noble person who has attained the fourth and last stage of enlightenment.

`ārammaṇa` : object which is known by consciousness.

`ariyan` : noble person who has attained enlightenment.

`arūpa-bhūmi` : plane of arūpa jhānacitta.

`arūpa-brahma` : plane plane of existence attained as a result of arūpa-jhāna. There are no sense impressions, no rūpa experienced in this realm.

`arūpa-jhāna` : immaterial absorption.

`āsavas` : influxes or intoxicants, group of defilements .

`asobhana` : not beautiful, not accompanied by beautiful roots.

`asubha` : foul.

`asura` : demon, being of one of the unhappy planes of existence.

`Atthasālinī` : The Expositor, a commentary to the first book of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka.

`avijjā` : ignorance.

`ayoniso manasikāra` : unwise attention to an object.

`bhāvanā` : mental development, comprising the development of calm and the development of insight.

`bhavanga` : life-continuum.

`bhikkhu` : monk.

`bhikkhunī` : nun.

`bhūmi` : plane of existence or plane of citta.

`brahma-vihāras` : the four divine abidings, meditation subjects which are: loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, equanimity.

`Buddha` : a fully enlightened person who has discovered the truth all by himself, without the aid of a teacher and can proclaim Dhamma to the world.

`Buddhaghosa` : commentator on the Tipiṭaka, author of the Visuddhimagga in 5 A.D.

`cakkhu` : eye.

`cetanā` : volition or intention.

`cetasika` : mental factor arising with consciousness.

`citta` : consciousness, the reality which knows or cognizes an object.

`cuti-citta` : dying-consciousness.

`dāna` : generosity, giving.

`dhamma` : reality, truth, the teachings.

`Dhammasangaṇi` : the first book of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka.

`Dhātukathā` : Discussion on the Elements, the third book of the Abhidhamma.

`diṭṭhi` : wrong view, distorted view of realities.

`domanassa` : unpleasant feeling.

`dosa` : aversion or ill will.

`dosa-mūla-citta` : citta (consciousness) rooted in aversion.

`dukkha` : suffering, unsatisfactoriness of conditioned realities.

`dukkha vedanā` : painful feeling or unpleasant feeling.

`dvāra` : doorway through which an object is experienced, the five sense-doors or the mind door.

`ekaggatā` : concentration, one-pointedness, a cetasika which has the function to focus on one object.

`ganthas` : bonds, a group of defilements.

`ghāna-dhātu` : nose element.

`gotrabhū` : change of lineage, the last citta of the sense-sphere before jhāna, absorption, is attained, or enlightenment is attained.

`hadaya-vatthu` : heart-base, rūpa which is the plane of origin of the cittas other than the sense-cognitions.

`hasituppāda-citta` : smile producing consciousness of an arahat.

`hetu` : root, which conditions citta to be “beautiful” or unwholesome.

`indriya` : faculty. Some are rūpas such as the sense organs, some are nāmas such as feeling. Five ’spiritual faculties’ are wholesome faculties which should be cultivated, namely: confidence, energy, awareness, concentration and wisdom.

`issā` : envy.

`jāti` : birth, nature, class (of cittas).

`javana-citta` : cittas which ’run through the object’, kusala citta or akusala citta in the case of non-arahats.

`jhāna` : absorption which can be attained through the development of calm.

`jhāna-factors` : cetasikas which have to be cultivated for the attainment of jhāna: vitakka, vicāra, pīti, sukha, samādhi.

`kāma` : sensual enjoyment or the five sense objects.

`kāma-bhūmi` : sensuous plane of existence.

`kāmacchandha` : sensuous desire.

`kāma-sobhana cittas` : beautiful cittas of the sense sphere.

`kāmāvacara cittas` : cittas of the sense sphere.

`kamma` : intention or volition; deed motivated by volition.

`kammapatha` : course of action performed through body, speech or mind which can be wholesome or unwholesome.

`karuṇā` : compassion.

`kasiṇa` : disk, used as an object for the development of calm.

`kāya` : body. It can also stand for the “mental body”, the cetasikas.

`khandhas` : aggregates of conditioned realities classified as five groups: physical phenomena, feelings, perception or remembrance, activities or formations (cetasikas other than feeling or perception), consciousness.

`kilesa` : defilements.

`kiriya citta` : inoperative citta, neither cause nor result.

`kukkucca` : regret or worry.

`kusala citta` : wholesome consciousness.

`kusala kamma` : a good deed.

`kusala` : wholesome, skillful.

`lobha` : attachment, greed.

`lobha-mūla-citta` : consciousness rooted in attachment.

`macchariya` : stinginess.

`magga` : path (eightfold Path).

`magga-citta` : path consciousness, supramundane citta which experiences nibbāna and eradicates defilements.

`mahā-kusala citta` : wholesome citta of the sense sphere.

`mahā-vipākacitta` : citta of the sense sphere which is result, accompanied by “beautiful” roots.

`manāyatana` : mind-base, including all cittas.

`mano` : mind, citta, consciousness.

`māra` : “the evil one”—all that leads to dukkha

`mettā` : loving kindness.

`middha` : torpor or languor.

`moha` : ignorance. moha-mūla-citta citta rooted in ignorance.

`muditā` : sympathetic joy.

`nāma` : mental phenomena, including those which are conditioned and also the unconditioned nāma which is nibbāna.

`nibbāna` : the unconditioned reality, the reality which does not arise and fall away.The destruction of lust, hatred and delusion. The deathless. The end of suffering.

`nimitta` : mental image one can acquire of a meditation subject in tranquil meditation.

`nirodha-samāpatti` : attainment of cessation of consciousness.

`nīvaraṇa` : hindrances, a group of defilements.

`ñāṇa` : wisdom, insight.

`Pacceka Buddha` : Silent Buddha, an enlightened one who has found the truth by himself but does not proclaim Dhamma to the world.

`Paṭṭhāna` : Conditional Relations, the seventh book of the Abhidhamma.

`paṭisandhi citta` : rebirth consciousness.

`Pāli` : the language of the Buddhist teachings.

`paññā` : wisdom or understanding.

`paññatti` : concepts, conventional terms.

`paramattha dhamma` : truth in the absolute sense: mental and physical phenomena, each with their own characteristic.

`pīti` : joy, rapture, enthusiasm.

`puthujjana` : “worldling”, a person who has not attained enlightenment.

`Rāhula` : the Buddha’s son.

`rūpa` : physical phenomena, realities which do not experience anything.

`rūpa-brahma` : plane rūpa-bhūmi, fine material realm of existence attained as a result of rūpa-jhāna.

`rūpa-jhāna` : fine material absorption, developed with a meditation subject which is still dependant on materiality.

`rūpa-khandha` : aggregate or group of all physical phenomena (rūpas).

`rūpāvacara cittas` : rūpa-jhānacittas, consciousness of the fine-material sphere.

`saddhā` : confidence.

`sakadāgāmī` : once-returner, a noble person who has attained the second stage of enlightenment.

`samādhi` : concentration or one-pointedness, ekaggatā cetasika.

`samatha` : the development of calm.

`sammā` : right.

`Sangha` : community of monks and nuns. As one of the triple Gems it means the community of those people who have attained enlightenment.

`saññā` : memory, remembrance or “perception”.

`sati` : mindfulness or awareness: non-forgetfulness of what is wholesome, or non-forgetfulness of realities which appear.

`satipaṭṭhāna sutta` : Middle Length Sayings 1, number 10, also Dīgha Nikāya, Dialogues, no. 22.

`satipaṭṭhāna` : applications of mindfulness. It can mean the cetasika sati which is aware of realities or the objects of mindfulness which are classified as four applications of mindfulness: Body, Feeling Citta,Dhamma. Or it can mean the development of direct understanding of realities through awareness.

`sīla` : morality in action or speech, virtue.

`somanassa` : happy feeling.

`sotāpanna` : person who has attained the first stage of enlightenment, and who has eradicated wrong view of realities.

`sukha` : happy, pleasant.

`sukha-vedanā` : pleasant feeling.

`sutta` : part of the scriptures containing dialogues at different places on different occasions.

`suttanta` : a sutta text.

`Tathāgata` : literally “thus gone”, epithet of the Buddha.

`tatramajjhattatā` : equanimity or even-mindedness.

`Theravāda Buddhism` : ‘Doctrine of the Elders’, the oldest tradition of Buddhism.

`thīna` : sloth.

`Tipiṭaka` : the teachings of the Buddha contained in the Vinaya, the Suttanta and the Abhidhamma.

`uddhacca` : restlessness.

`Udāna` : Verses of Uplift from the Minor Anthologies.

`upādāna` : clinging.

`upādāna-kkhandhas` : khandhas of clinging.

`upekkhā` : indifferent feeling. It can stand for even-mindedness or equanimity and then it is not feeling.

`vāyo-dhātu` : element of wind or motion.

`vedanā` : feeling.

`vedanā-kkhandha` : group of all feelings.

`Vibhaṅga` : “Book of Analysis”, second book of the Abhidhamma.

`vinaya` : Book of Discipline for the monks.

`viññāṇa` : consciousness, citta.

`viññāṇa-dhātu` : element of consciousness, comprising all cittas.

`viññāṇa-kkhandha` : group of all cittas (consciousness).

`vipākacitta` : citta which is the result of a wholesome deed (kusala kamma) or an unwholesome deed (akusala kamma). It can arise as rebirth- consciousness, or during life as the experience of pleasant or unpleasant objects through the senses, such as seeing, hearing, etc.

`vipassanā` : wisdom which sees realities as they are.

`viriya` : energy.

`Visuddhimagga` : an Encyclopedia of the Buddha’s teachings, written by Buddhaghosa in the fifth century A.D.

`Yamaka` : the Book of Pairs, the sixth book of the Abhidhamma.

`yoniso manasikāra` : wise attention to the object.


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